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Turpan is the chief town of the Turpan depression, the lowest point (505 ft/154 m below sea level) in China. The depression was the
center (A.D. 200–400) of a flourishing civilization in which Indian and Persian elements were combined. This civilization was later absorbed
by the Uigurs, who had their capital there (9th–13th cent.). Archaeological finds made in the early 20th cent. include much Nestorian literature
and the bulk of the extant Manichaean literature.